Giza History & Engineering – Facts that Matter

Construction in Plain Language

• Massive but methodical: quarrying nearby, river transport, ramp systems (multiple theories) and careful leveling.
• Blocks show tool marks from copper/stone tools; precision grows with height.

Alignment & Astronomy

• Cardinal alignment suggests careful surveying; simple tools + clear skies can achieve surprising precision.
• Popular “Orion’s Belt” alignments are debated; treat as speculative, not consensus.

Who Built Them?

• Evidence points to skilled workers with support villages, not enslaved labor.
• Rotational teams, rations, and medical care attest to organized labor.

Bottom Line

Respect the human achievement: ingenuity, logistics and community—not fringe theories—explain the plateau.